Previous Year Questions

QUESTION ID:2

Starting with a single triangle, every iteration adds smaller triangles at each of the vertices inside the previous triangle as shown in the figure. The number of vertices in the next iteration is:

QUESTION ID:3

To frame a portrait photo of 50 cm x 30 cm size, a 3 cm wide wooden strip is to be fixed all around the photo such that the inner periphery of the wooden strip touches the boundary of the photo. What is the total length of the wooden strip required?

QUESTION ID:4

How many 4-digit numbers can be generated from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 such that no digit appears more than once, and '123' always appear as a string? 

QUESTION ID:5

(2025)²⁰²⁵ - (2025)²⁰²⁴ is NOT divisible by

QUESTION ID:6

The bubble plot shows the relationship of Crop yield with precipitation and temperature. The size of the bubble is proportional to temperature. Which one of the following inferences CANNOT be drawn from the given plot?

QUESTION ID:7

The masses and weights of some objects on the Moon were plotted against the same quantities on the Earth. The two graphs would appear as

QUESTION ID:8

How quickly must Rajesh drive the remaining distance to reach the city at an average speed of 100 km/h if he travels halfway there at 50 km/h? 

QUESTION ID:9

A rectangular sheet 31.4 cm x 10 cm is rolled across its length to make a cylinder and both ends of the cylinder are covered with additional circular sheets. What will be the total surface area of the covered cylinder approximately?

QUESTION ID:10

Choose the arrangement in the increasing order of size for an average human being:-

A: arm, B: toe, C: head, D: heart.

QUESTION ID:11

The average of 10 distinct nonnegative integers is 14.5. The average of the maximum and the minimum of these numbers is less than 15. Which of the following is the maximum possible value of the minimum?

QUESTION ID:12

In the fictional country of Vegereversia, which of the following provinces is the odd one out? 

QUESTION ID:13

Any 9 papers printed on both sides are drawn from a book. The sum of their page numbers CAN NEVER be ________.

QUESTION ID:14

Waters having three different colours (Red-R, Green-G, Blue-B) and temperatures: 4°C (R), 8°C (G) & 2°C (B), are put in a jar. How would these colours appear in the jar initially? 

QUESTION ID:15

A person covers 1/10, 1/6, and 1/5 of the total distance at speeds of 3 km/h, 5 km/h and 6 km/h, respectively. The remaining 16 km she covers at a speed of 16 km/h. How long does she take to travel the total distance?

QUESTION ID:16

Square of 5% is closest to

QUESTION ID:17

A person orders a 12-inch circular pizza online. The restaurant calls her back and says that they ran out of 12-inch pizzas and instead offers the following choices in circular pizzas. Which of them gives the best value for her money?

QUESTION ID:18

In a square land of 200 m x 200 m size, saplings are to be planted such that the distance between the saplings as well as the distance of saplings from the boundary of the land are not less than 20 m. What is the maximum number of saplings that can be planted in the land?

QUESTION ID:19

On a spherical balloon of radius 10 cm, two dots are put at a distance of 25 units. If the balloon is uniformly expanded to a sphere of radius 50 cm, the distance between the two dots in the same units would be

QUESTION ID:20

The diagram shows the rate of diamonds of different sizes. Of what size is the largest diamond that can be purchased for Rs.4.5 lakh?

QUESTION ID:21

Which one of the following statements is true about cellular senescence?

QUESTION ID:22

Haploinsufficiency in tumor suppressor genes can be caused by all of the following mechanisms EXCЕРТ

QUESTION ID:23

QUESTION ID:24

QUESTION ID:25

Which of the following enzymes is used for conversion of blood glucose to gluconolactone in commercially available blood glucometer? 

QUESTION ID:26

Which one of the following statements regarding the cadherin superfamily proteins is correct?

QUESTION ID:27

Which one of the following is NOT a vitamin K-dependent blood clotting factor? 

QUESTION ID:28

Which of the following phytohormone signaling pathways are evolutionarily related to bacterial two-component regulatory systems? 

QUESTION ID:29

Which one of the following bonds support the three intertwined polypeptide strands in the triple helical structure of collagen?

QUESTION ID:30

Which of the following is true for a monocot root? 

QUESTION ID:31

Which one of the following is NOT a true effect of aldosterone on the principal cells of distal tubule and the collecting duct to increase the reabsorption of Na⁺ ?

QUESTION ID:32

Ten bacterial cells are inoculated into 10 ml of Luria broth and grown for 10 hours with shaking at 37°C. What will be the approximate number of bacteria in the flask at the end of 10-hour incubation? (Note: the doubling time of this bacterium in Luria broth is approximately 20 min). 

QUESTION ID:33

Which one of the following statements is correct? 

QUESTION ID:34

Which experiment would be most effective in assessing the synergistic role of mycorrhizal fungi and plants in phytoremediation? 

QUESTION ID:35

Which one of the following statements about DNA packaging in chromosomes is INCORRECT? 

QUESTION ID:36

Column X lists Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Column Y lists the ligands that bind to the PRRs.

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

QUESTION ID:37

QUESTION ID:38

Which one of the following phenomena describes the evolution of wings in bats, birds, and insects? 

QUESTION ID:39

Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding pattern formation during embryogenesis in Arabidopsis? 

QUESTION ID:40

A desert annual plant with long-duration seed dormancy germinates only after heavy rainfall. What life history trait does this illustrate? 

QUESTION ID:41

Which one of the following translation systems is inhibited by cycloheximide? 

QUESTION ID:42

Match the following:

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

QUESTION ID:43

QUESTION ID:44

Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT about lectotype designation, following ICBN rules?

QUESTION ID:45

Which one of the following statements defines a monophyletic group?

QUESTION ID:46

What is the correct order of enzyme actions during the long-patch base excision repair in humans?

QUESTION ID:47

Which one of the following statements best describes the functions of the SNARE protein complex in vesicular transport?

QUESTION ID:48

Which one of the following correctly describes how a mutagen induces a specific type of base change in DNA?

QUESTION ID:49

Which one of the following plant pathogens has the most prolonged symptomless infection phase?

QUESTION ID:50

A grassland has five sympatric species of grasshoppers. Males sing species-specific songs to attract conspecific females. The song represents which mode(s) of reproductive isolation?

QUESTION ID:51

Skeletal muscle cells need to convert pyruvate to lactate while sustaining anaerobic respiration to

QUESTION ID:52

Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding seasonality and sex in aphids?

QUESTION ID:53

Which one of the following statements is correct?

QUESTION ID:54

Which one of the following is NOT required for isotype switching from IgM to IgE?

QUESTION ID:55

Which one of the following statements best illustrates a dominant negative mutation?

QUESTION ID:56

In life history theory, the concept of 'cost of reproduction' refers to:

QUESTION ID:57

Which one of the following options suggests indirect selection in a population?

QUESTION ID:58

Which one of the following is NOT called secondary bile acid?

QUESTION ID:59

Which one of the following statements represents correct sequence of events during electron transport chain from P680 to P700 in a light reaction of photosynthesis in a typical plant?

QUESTION ID:60

In a developing Drosophila embryo, which one of the following is the correct order of Hox gene expression from the anterior-to-posterior axis? 

QUESTION ID:61

Which one of the following does NOT increase airways resistance in lungs?

QUESTION ID:62

Sheep RBCs (SRBCs) were added in wells 1-10 of a micro-titre plate as shown in the figure below. Next, serum from a mouse that had been immunized with SRBCs was diluted 1/50 in a tube and then added in serial two-fold dilutions from wells 1-9.

Which of the following statements is correct about titre of anti-SRBC antibodies in the serum sample? 

QUESTION ID:63

Which one of the following plants has a bisporic type of embryo sac development?

QUESTION ID:64

Select the correct set of 8-mer primer pair to PCR amplify a DNA fragment containing the region shown in upper case letters below:

5'-gagatcaggacttaGATTACAGATTACAGATTACAGATTACAggccaagtc - 3'

QUESTION ID:65

Which one of the following features distinguishes Echinoderms from Cnidarians?

QUESTION ID:66

A researcher captured 60 bivalves from a habitat on day 1 and tagged all of them. On day 2, she caught 40 bivalves out of which 20 were already tagged. She then estimated the population size of bivalves in the lake using this information. Which one of the options represents the percentage of the bivalve population that were marked on day 1?

QUESTION ID:67

Which one of the following properties is NOT responsible for the self-sealing nature of ruptured biological membranes?

QUESTION ID:68

In a population, the frequency of allele 'a' is 0.2 and that of allele 'b' is 0.1. Consider that there are two alleles for each of the genes. What would be the expected percentage of population with genotype AaBb, considering that the population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (DROP)

QUESTION ID:69

Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), an enzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, is inhibited by all the following classes of herbicides, EXCEРТ

QUESTION ID:70

The pKa of an amino acid side chain was measured in aqueous solution. Which one of the following is the correct arrangement of the amino acids in the decreasing order of their side chain pKa?

QUESTION ID:71

Below is a table with the list of post-translational modifications on proteins and amino acid residues that are correspondingly modified.

Which post-translational modifications are correctly matched with the amino acid residues they typically modify?

QUESTION ID:72

Leaves can alter the intracellular distribution of their chloroplasts in response to changing light conditions. Shown below are schematic diagram of chloroplast distribution patterns in palisade cells of Arabidopsis, in response to different light intensities, grown in a growth chamber having light source from the top.

Which one of the following combinations correctly matches the chloroplast distribution with its corresponding light intensity? 

QUESTION ID:73

The absorbance values of a dye measured at 600 nm were plotted against its corresponding concentrations, as given below.

hich of the following will be the best estimate of the extinction coefficient of the compound in M-¹cm¹ units? The path length of the cuvette used for the measurement is 1 cm.

QUESTION ID:74

Sturtevant introduced the concept of recombination frequency-based genetic maps. Since genetic distances between genes may be underestimated due to the occurrence of double crossovers, other mapping functions were developed to provide more accurate estimates. Haldane's mapping function assumes no interference between crossovers, while Kosambi's mapping function accounts for interference. The following graph presents the relationship between recombination frequency and map distance (cM) as proposed by Sturtevant and after corrections using either Haldane's or Kosambi's mapping functions.

The following statements were made about genetic maps.

A. Line I in the above plot represents relationship between recombination frequency and map distance based on Kosambi function.

B. The chance of underestimation of map distance increases with increase in recombination frequency.

C. Genetic mapping proposed by Strutevant assumes complete interference.

Which one of the following options correctly identifies each statement as True (T) or False (F) from A to C, respectively? 

QUESTION ID:75

Dorsal-ventral patterning in the oocyte of Drosophila depends on the expression of Gurken. The following events occur during generation of dorsal-ventral polarity.

A. The oocyte nucleus travels to the anterior dorsal side of the oocyte where it localizes gurken mRNA.

B. Gurken protein reaches only those follicle cells closest to the oocyte nucleus.

C. The protein product forms an anterior-posterior gradient along dorsal surface of the oocyte.

What would happen if maternal deficiency of gurken occurs?

QUESTION ID:76

Match the following bacterial gene expression mechanisms:

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

QUESTION ID:77

The figure below represents a bipartite network of species interactions between two trophic levels. Each link represents an interaction between a species in the higher trophic level (A to H) and a species in the lower trophic level (I to P).

Given below are a few statements describing potential conclusions that can be drawn from the network:

A. If the network represents predator species (A-H) and prey species (I-P), then D is an apex predator.

B. If the network represents plant species (I-P) and pollinator species (А-Н), then species I is more likely to experience local extinction than K.

C. The network is more stable if D is removed and the population size of O increases.

D. If the network represents frugivore species (A-H) and plant species (I-P), then M is a keystone species.

Which one of the options given below represents all correct statement/s that can be inferred from the network above? 

QUESTION ID:78

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) is an important enzyme involved in both C4 and CAM photosynthesis. Given below are a few statements regarding PEPCase in C4 and CAM plants.

A. Light activates PEPCase kinase in C4 plants.

B. Phosphorylation inactivates PEPCase in C4 plants while it activates the enzyme in CAM plants.

С. РЕРCase kinase gets activated by light in CAM plants.

D. Phosphorylated PEPCase is less sensitive to malate.

Which one of the following options is the combination of all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:79

If planaria is cut in transverse, active Wnt signaling in the posterior side of the head piece is essential for the regeneration of a tail. Students were investigating the role of gene abc in this process. They find that overexpressing abc in the head piece blocks tail regeneration. However, overexpressing constitutively active ẞ-catenin along with abc in the severed head piece allows tail formation.

Which one of the following pathways correctly depicts the role of abc and B-catenin in planarian tail regeneration?

QUESTION ID:80

The following table presents soil formation processes (Column X) and climatic conditions in which they occur (Column Y).

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

QUESTION ID:81

Given below are recognition sites of some restriction enzymes with the sites of restriction marked with a '^' symbol.

EcoRV: GAT^AТС Aval : C^YCGRG

HindIII: A^AGCTТ Sall: G^TCGAС

Smal: CCC^GGG Xbal: T^CTAGA

Which one of the following options represents all enzyme-treated vector (V) and insert (I) fragment combinations that would generate compatible ends for ligation without any other intermediate enzymatic treatment?

QUESTION ID:82

The table below shows the outcomes of surgical experiments in chick embryos.

Which one of the following options represents a combination of all correct outcomes?

QUESTION ID:83

In order to determine the origin of replication of a circular DNA, isolated DNA from the actively replicating cells were digested with different restriction enzymes (as indicated), followed by electrophoresis in a two-dimensional gel. Southern hybridization was performed with a DNA probe as indicated.

Based on the results of the Southern blots, indicate which of the following options best describes the location of the origin of replication?

QUESTION ID:84

Two closely related individuals, suffering from a congenital disease, have several children. A genetic counselor constructs the following pedigree of the family and concluded that this disease is caused by mutations in at least two genes.

Further, based on this information, the following statements were made:

A. At least one of the children will not carry any mutations linked to this condition.

B. The mutations causing this disease are recessive.

C. At least one of the mutant genes is on the Y chromosome.

D. Simultaneous heterozygous mutations in the involved genes can cause the disease.

Which one of the following options is the combination of all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:85

The following statements are made regarding the role of tumour microenvironment directly contributing to the metastatic process:

А. Нурoxia in primary tumours can induce the expression of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to promote metastasis.

B. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) always inhibit metastasis through immune surveillance.

C. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) provide structural support and secrete factors that promote metastasis.

D. The acidic pH of the tumour microenvironment impedes cancer cell migration.

Which one of the following options represents allcorrect statements?

QUESTION ID:86

Given below is a list of microbes or their components (Column X) and specific stains (Column Y) used for their identification.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct matches? 

QUESTION ID:87

A tetraploid plant (4X = 60 chromosomes) reproduces by obligate apomixis. However, fertilization of the central cell is required for its proper endosperm development (pseudogamy). The male meiosis in this plant is normal, giving rise to reduced gametes. What will be the chromosome numbers in the embryo and endosperm of the apomictic seeds resulting from pseudogamy? 

QUESTION ID:88

A region of a mouse chromosome was subjected to micrococcal nuclease hypersensitivity analysis over stages of development. In early stages, the region had regularly spaced nucleosomes. In later stages, the nucleosomes were irregularly spaced with several nucleosome free regions detected. Based on the above observations, which one of the following is the best possible inferencе? 

QUESTION ID:89

A putative mitochondrial signal peptide was attached to the N-terminus of the DHFR protein and expressed in mammalian cells. Mitochondria were isolated, and a fraction was osmotically shocked briefly. Both osmotically shocked and untreated pools of mitochondria were treated with protease. It was observed that the DHFR was intact in both cases.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the signal peptide?

QUESTION ID:90

In a study, researchers replaced the natural promoter of a gene with a synthetic promoter that contains a point mutation in the TATA box that prevents binding of the TATA-binding protein (TBP). The following outcomes would most likely result from this modification.

A. An mRNA will be generated with an alternate reading frame.

B. The mRNA will be transcribed by RNA polymerase I instead of RNA polymerase II.

C. Transcription may occur with a reduced efficiency.

D. Transcription may occur but will always result in the formation of a nonfunctional mRNA.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all INCORRECT statements? 

QUESTION ID:91

Evolution by natural selection may produce organisms that are adapted to their environment. Given below are four statements regarding adaptation by natural selection.

A. Adaptation implies that organisms are perfectly matched to their current environment.

B. Adaptive traits have been shaped by natural selection to past environments.

C. Natural selection is the only process by which adaptive traits evolve.

D. Adaptation to current environments may be constrained by adaptation to past environments.

Which one of the following options gives the correct combination of True/False statements? 

QUESTION ID:92

Cholera toxin activates the chloride channel in the epithelial cells of intestine leading to loss of Cl^-, and consequent loss of water leading to dehydration. Successful oral rehydration therapy involves supplementing water with glucose and salt and not just salt. This is 

QUESTION ID:93

Given below are a few statements about vesicular transport. 

A. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis requires the recruitment of adaptors to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.

B. The low-pH environment of early endosomes leads to the dissociation of cargo from its receptor, allowing for the recycling of receptors to the plasma membrane.

C. The late endosomes, which mature into the lysosomes, are directly involved in the recycling of synaptic vesicle proteins in neurons.

D. The multivesicular body pathway involves the formation of intraluminal vesicles, which sort cargo for degradation in the lysosomes.

Which one of the following options has all correct statements about endocytosis? 

QUESTION ID:94

Given below are a few statements. 

A. Codominant molecular markers ______(i)______ be used for identification of heterozygotes.

B. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) ______(ii)______ be performed on germplasm with high genetic diversity.

C. An F2 mapping population ______(iii)______ be used as an immortal population for genetic mapping studies in plants.

D. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) ______(iv)______ be used for mapping of monogenic qualitative traits.

Which one of the following options represents the correct sequence of terms to fill in the blanks in the above statements so that all the statements are true?

QUESTION ID:95

In a typical experiment, 15 mL of an aqueous solution containing an unknown quantity of acetylcholine had a pH of 7.65. When the solution is incubated with acetylcholinesterase, the pH of the solution decreased to 6.87. Assuming that there was no buffer in the reaction mixture, determine the number of moles of acetylcholine in the 15 mL solution.

QUESTION ID:96

Given below are four metabolic intermediates (i-iv) listed against amino acids (A-E):

A. i - serine, glycine, cysteine

B. iv - alanine, valine, leucine

C. iii - glutamate, glutamine, proline

D. ii - methionine, threonine, lysine

E. i - histidine

Which one of the following options correctly pairs the metabolic intermediates with their corresponding amino acid end product(s)?

QUESTION ID:97

Following statements are made with respect to polar auxin transport in plants.

A. It proceeds via symplast.

B. Its velocity is faster than the phloem translocation rates.

C. It is specific for active auxins, both natural and synthetic.

D.    It is mediated by protein carriers on the plasma membrane.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements? 

QUESTION ID:98

The phylogeny given below depicts the evolutionary relationships and branch lengths of species found in three spider communities, X, Y, and Z, along with a table showing their absence (0) and presence (1) in these communities.

Which one of the following options gives the correct values of phylogenetic diversity for these communities?

QUESTION ID:99

In an experiment, while screening for loss-of-function mutants, a student found a mutation in the gene encoding caspase-9 in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The following are the possible consequences for this mutant cell: 

A. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome C.

B. Reduced formation of the apoptosome and defective initiation of apoptosis.

C. Inability to activate the death receptors.

D. Become resistant to UV irradiation-induced cell death.

Which one of the following options represents all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:100

Populations of two species (A and B) follow logistic growth. The parameter values for the logistic growth equation are given in the table below. 

Select the option that correctly gives the population growth rate at N = 100 for both species.

QUESTION ID:101

QUESTION ID:102

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors should not be given to a person with severe loss of blood because:

A. these will increase renal tubular K⁺ excretion.

B. these will relax smooth muscles in the arteries.

C. these will reduce aldosterone secretion and thereby prevent water retention.

D. these will decrease renal tubular NaCl and water excretion.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of correct reasons?

QUESTION ID:103

Consider a predator that can forage on two prey types, where Prey₁ is the more profitable prey and Prey₂ is the less profitable prey. While searching for Prey₁, if it encounters Prey₂, the decision to capture Prey₂ or ignore it and continue to search for Prey₁ is given by the predictions of the Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT). The table below gives various parameters that may be used as per OFT by the predator in making this foraging decision. 

Which one of the following statements predicts correctly when the predator should eat Prey₂, given the conditions above?

QUESTION ID:104

QUESTION ID:105

QUESTION ID:106

QUESTION ID:107

QUESTION ID:108

QUESTION ID:109

Match the insects (Column X) to the insect orders (Column Y)

Select the option that correctly matches column X with column Y.

QUESTION ID:110

The following statements are made regarding root-knot nematode infection in plants.

A. Chemical signals released by the plant roots can induce hatching of the juvenile nematodes.

B. Mitosis coupled with cytokinesis and DNA endoreduplication is induced during root-knot nematode infection.

C. Nematodes form syncytial feeding structures by recruiting plant cells.

D. Nematode infections suppress cortical cell growth in plants.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:111

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays essential roles during development. The following statements are made about the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway:

A. In the absence of Wnt ligands, β-catenin is phosphorylated by the APC/Axin/GSK-3β complex, leading to its degradation.

B. The β-catenin/TCF complex acts as a repressor of gene expression upon activation of Wnt signaling.

C. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is initiated by binding of Wnt ligands to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).

D. β-catenin is involved in both cell-to-cell adhesion and transcriptional regulation.

Which one of the following options represents all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:112

The figure below shows the genes (a, b, c, d, f, I, m, n) that are expressed in cell types 1, 2, and 3 because of the concentration of morphogen signaling received by these cells.

Which one of the following statements is correct about the pattern of gene expression induced by the morphogen? The transcription factor activated by the morphogen has: 

QUESTION ID:113

To study different DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, a construct is developed that contains a neomycin selectable marker gene flanked by two inactive GFP genes: the first one is inactivated by the insertion of an I-Scel recognition sequence, and the other one has a 99 bp deletion at the 5 end of the gene. The induction of the I-Scel endonuclease will create a DSB in the first GFP sequence.

The following expected outcomes have been proposed:

A. If the DSB is repaired by the gene conversion (GC) pathway, cells will be GFP-positive and neomycin-resistant.

B. If the DSB is repaired by the GC pathway, cells will be GFP-positive but neomycin-sensitive.

C. If the DSB is repaired by the single-strand annealing (SSA) pathway, cells will be GFP-positive and neomycin resistant.

D. If the DSB is repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, cells will be GFP-negative and neomycin resistant.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements? 

QUESTION ID:114

The circular dichroism spectra for near-UV and far-UV regions of a polypeptide chain are given below.

Which one of the following options represents a correct inference about the polypeptide fold based on the above data? 

QUESTION ID:115

ΔG^o of a reaction shows the following temperature dependence.

What is the expected dependence of K_eq of the reaction on the temperature, where C is a temperature-independent constant?

QUESTION ID:116

Which one of the following scenarios is likely to produce the highest beta diversity for tree species in a forested landscape? 

QUESTION ID:117

A student performed an ELISA to detect anti-ovalbumin IgG in a serum sample. The experiment involved the following sequential steps: coating plates with ovalbumin, blocking with BSA, adding serum sample, adding anti-mouse-lgG-HRP, adding H₂O₂ + o-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD), and adding H₂SO₄. The student made the following statements:

A. If the plates are not blocked with BSA, the specificity of the assay decreases.

B. If the plates are not washed between addition of serum sample and addition of anti-mouse IgG-HRP, the sensitivity of the assay decreases.

C. If the plates are not washed between addition of anti-mouse IgG-HRP and addition of H₂O₂ + OPD, the specificity of the assay decreases.

D. OPD is the substrate for the enzyme.

E. Without H₂SO₄, no colour is developed.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements? 

QUESTION ID:118

Match the following ribose sugar pucker in nucleic acids (labeled A, B, C, D) with their corresponding conformational states. The black circle denotes the base of the nucleotide.

QUESTION ID:119

T cell precursors that exit the bone marrow undergo positive and negative selection in the thymus before emerging as mature T cells. These processes are controlled by cellular interactions of the thymocyte with stromal cells in the thymus. The following statements are made regarding the selection process:

A. The selection process involves negative selection of auto-reactive cells in the cortex followed by their migration to the medulla.

B. The selection process relies on the transcription factor 'Aire'.

C. The selection process can lead to the generation of CD4 cells that can interact with dendritic cells (DCs) as well as B cells.

D. The selection process can lead to the generation of regulatory CD4 T cells.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct answers?

QUESTION ID:120

Some of the following statements describe nomenclature rules in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).

A. If the generic name is of masculine gender, the species name should be of feminine gender.

B. A name is to be rejected if it is a tautonym or inappropriately describes a taxon's character.

C. The name of an animal taxon cannot be rejected because it is identical with the name of another taxon which is not an animal.

D. Even if the taxon concerned is no longer classified as an animal, its name remains available.

Select the option that includes all statements representing currently accepted nomenclature rules of the ICZN. 

QUESTION ID:121

The following statements suggest the physiological characteristics of the dead space in respiratory system, alveolar ventilation (the amount of air reaching alveoli per minute) and respiratory minute volume (RMV) in healthy individuals.

A. The alveolar ventilation is less than RMV.

B. The anatomic dead space can be estimated by the body weight of the individual.

C. At rest, the anatomic dead space and physiological dead space are identical.

D. The alveolar ventilation is higher in rapid shallow breathing than that of the slow deep breathing at the same RMV.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of correct statements?

QUESTION ID:122

The descending phase of the nerve action potential is caused by:

A. delayed opening of voltage-gated K⁺ ion channels.

B. rapid opening of voltage-gated Na⁺ ion channels.

C. closing of voltage-gated Na⁺ ion channels.

D. leaky K⁺ ion channels. 

Which one of the following options represents the combination of correct statements?

QUESTION ID:123

The table below lists the food reserves (Column X) found in different algal groups (Column Y).

Select the option that correctly matches column X with column Y. 

QUESTION ID:124

A purified 150 kDa species obtained from a gel filtration column was run on a 2- dimensional SDS-PAGE as shown below:

What is the likely form of the 150 kDa species from this observation?

QUESTION ID:125

After synchronizing mammalian cells in culture with a double thymidine block (cell cycle duration of 24h), cells are released into fresh medium. After 6h, cells are split into 4 sets and each is treated with a) nothing, b) proteasome inhibitor, c) myosin II inhibitor, d) nocodazole.

From the options given below, choose the one that has the most likely outcome of the experiment.

QUESTION ID:126

The following table shows a list of migratory birds coming to India (Column X) and the region from where they migrate (Column Y).

Which one of the following options represents all correct matches between Column X and Column Y?

QUESTION ID:127

Based on homology, a protein, CG2024, functions as a homotetramer. The function of each unit within the tetramer is essential for its catalytic activity. CG2024 protein has three domains. Domain 'a' is essential for tetramerization, domain 'b' is essential for catalytic activity and domain 'c' does not contribute to CG2024 function at all. Three mutations, a*, b* and c* in the 'a', 'b' and 'c' domains of CG2024, respectively, have been identified. The a* and b* disrupt the function of their respective domains.

Based on this information, which one of the following options correctly describes the nature of mutations a*, b* and c* (in the same order)?

QUESTION ID:128

The following statements are made about the involvement of the type III protein secretion system (T3SS) during bacterial pathogenesis in plants and animals.

A. It involves a protein complex that spans both the inner and outer bacterial membranes.

B. T3SS mostly secretes Avr effector proteins directly into plant apoplast.

C. The genes encoding conserved components of the T3SS of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria are referred to as Hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster).

D. Once Avr effectors are delivered inside the plant cell, Hrp proteins are not needed for the activation of the defence response.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements? 

QUESTION ID:129

The interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is a critical step in central metabolism in plants. Followings are certain statements regarding this interconversion.

A. Phosphofructokinase catalyzes the C6 phosphorylation of fructose 6- phosphate.

B. Plastid phosphofructokinase is activated by Pi while cytosolic phosphofructokinase is activated by phosphenolpyruvate.

C. Cytosolic fructose1,6-bisphosphatase is strongly inhibited by fructose 2,6- bisphosphate.

D. Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase catalyzes a reversible reaction of interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6- bisphosphate.

Which one of the following options is a combination of all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:130

The lipid composition of the two monolayers of the plasma membrane is quite different. This lipid asymmetry is functionally relevant, especially in converting extracellular signals into intracellular ones. Given below are a few membrane lipids:

A. Phosphatidylserine

B. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate

C. Phosphatidylcholine

D. Sphingomyelin

Choose the option that correctly defines all the lipids involved in signaling and are restricted to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.

QUESTION ID:131

Breast cancer stem cells may be identified by analyzing the CD24/CD44 phenotype of a breast tumor. CD24/CD44 stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the analysis is shown below.

Further analyses of the sorted cells from different quadrants (Q1 to Q4) by immunoblotting revealed the following results. The dotted lines represent lanes with negligible signal.

Based on the above results, which phenotype is associated with the maximum number of breast cancer stem cells?

QUESTION ID:132

A mutation in a plant gene is female gametophyte lethal. This mutant allele can be normally transmitted through pollen. However, when transmitted through egg, the embryos abort, resulting in inviable seeds irrespective of the male allele. A student harvested the seeds from a heterozygous mutant plant and grew a total of 100 plants. What is the expected number of homozygous plants in this population?

QUESTION ID:133

Normal yeast cells grow at 42°C. Five yeast haploid strains, with independent alleles of YFG1 having impaired cell growth at 42°C, were isolated and labeled as yfg1ts1 to yfg1ts5. A haploid (yfg1ts1) carrying a spontaneously generated mutation (sup1) at an independent locus was isolated, which can grow at 42°C. Using pairwise crossing, sup1 was introduced into strains carrying yfg1ts2 to yfg1ts5 alleles. All these haploids grew at 42°C.

Based on this data, the following statements were made to describe the Sup1-Yfg1 molecular/genetic interaction.

A. Sup1 codes for a protein which, when over-expressed, stabilized mutant yfg1ts proteins.

B.  Sup1 codes for a protein that physically interacts with Yfg1 protein.

C. Sup1 protein upregulates an alternate pathway.

D. Sup1 is a nonsense suppressor that restores protein translation in cells carrying yfg1ts allele.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements?

QUESTION ID:134

A molecule absorbs light at 'X' nm wavelength and emits light as fluorescence at 'Y nm wavelength. Typically, there is a shift in the wavelength (Y>X). E is the energy transferred to the solvent during reorganization of the excited state, 'h' is the Planck's constant, and 'c' is the speed of light.

E is equal to:

QUESTION ID:135

Consider the following statements on patterns in globalbiogeography. 

A. The endemicity of terrestrial mammal families in biogeographic realms is greater than plant families.

B. There are fewer mammalian fruit eaters, omnivores, and carnivore species in Australia compared to other biogeographic realms.

C. Major diversification of modern mammals started only 65-55 million years ago.

D. On an average, plant species have dispersed much better than mammalian species across biogeographic realms.

Which one of the options given below contains the correct set of True/False statements, based on well-established patterns in global biogeography?

QUESTION ID:136

In sesame, the seed coat color is of two types: white or brown. True breeding whiteand brown-seeded plants were reciprocally crossed and the results are given below.

Which one of the following types of inheritance explains the depicted transmission of seed color in sesame?

QUESTION ID:137

The figure below depicts the allosteric regulation in the biosynthesis of three aromatic amino acids- Phe, Tyr and Trp, acting at four major steps catalyzed by enzymes, CM, AS, ADT and ADH. The feedback regulation and relaxation of enzyme activities by the end-product amino acids are marked.

Following assumptions are made regarding the pool of aromatic amino acids in the feedback-insensitive mutants of these allosteric enzymes.

A. The feedback-insensitive mutant of CM will show higher pool of Phe and Tyr.

B. The feedback-insensitive mutant of AS will increase only Trp pool.

C. The feedback-insensitive mutant of AS will show higher pool of Trp, Phe and Tyr.

D. In feedback-insensitive mutant of ADH, only Tyr pool is decreased.

E. In feedback-insensitive mutant of ADH, both Tyr and Phe pools are increased transiently.

Which one of the following options represents a combination of all correct assumptions?

QUESTION ID:138

In the classical metapopulation model articulated by Richard Levins (1969, 1970), the metapopulation is considered to be a collection of subpopulations occupying different patches. In this model, we consider the following conditions:

A. Individual subpopulations have realistic chances of both extinction and recolonization.

B. The dynamics of the various subpopulations should be largely independent.

C. Recolonization of a patch after extinction is mainly through dispersal from the mainland patch.

D. Population dynamics in the patches of a metapopulation should be highly synchronous.

Which one of the options given below includes conditions that should be met for a population to be considered a metapopulation? 

QUESTION ID:139

The graph below shows the plot of 1/v vs 1/[S] for an enzymatic reaction, with the solid and dashed lines representing the reactions without and with an inhibitor, respectively. The concentration of the inhibitor is 1 µM.

Which one of the following will be the K_l of the inhibitor?

QUESTION ID:140

The following statements were made about the alternative pathway of Complement activation in the immune system:

A. The pathway is initiated when antibodies bind to pathogen.

B. The pathway is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of serum Complement.

C. The pathway uses the same C3- and C5-convertases as the lectin pathway.

D. The pathway can be initiated by properdin and thrombin.

Which one of the following options represents the combination of all correct statements? 

QUESTION ID:141

An ecologist calculates the Shannon-Wiener diversity index for an ecosystem with high species diversity. Which one of the following statements about this diversity index is INCORRECT?

QUESTION ID:142

Presence of E-cadherin activates the Hippo pathway in the inner cell mass (ICM). Experimentally eliminating E-cadherin disrupts both apicobasal polarity and specification of the ICM and trophoectoderm lineages. Which one of the following schemes leads to pluripotency?

QUESTION ID:143

With reference to the origin of multicellularity in different life forms, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT?

QUESTION ID:144

A researcher studying the mating systems in birds (operational sex ratio 1:1) uses the number of successful matings as a measure of male reproductive fitness and female reproductive fitness, as depicted in the figure below.

Which one of the following options correctly matches P and Q with the correct sex for different mating systems? 

QUESTION ID:145

The mechanisms of action of calcitropic hormones are important for understanding the molecular basis of disease states related to calcium homeostasis.

A. Calcium binding (transport) protein (CaBP) enhances the movement of calcium from the brush border into the cytoplasm.

B. Receptors for calcitonin are present in the osteoclasts where they increase CAMP production.

C. Parathormone essentially works independently to mobilize bone mineral, and never in concert with vitamin D.

D. The major calcitropic hormone, calcitriol, regulates intestinal calcium absorption.

Which one of the following options is INCORRECT in maintaining calcium homeostasis?