Three major distinct metabolic pathways that can supply osmotically active solutes to guard cells have been clearly characterized:

1.The uptake of K+ and Cl– from the apoplast, coupled to the biosynthesis of malate2– within the guard cells.

2. The production of sucrose in the guard cell cytoplasm from precursors originating from starch hydrolysis in the guard cell chloroplast

3. The production of sucrose from precursors made in the photosynthetic carbon fixation pathway at the guard cell chloroplast

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8597

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Septins assemble into nonpolar filaments that form rings and cagelike structures, or recruit and organize the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 869

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The efficiency of PCR can be calculated by using Y = X (1+ E)n X is number of templates, E is mean PCR efficiency, n is number is PCR cycle. 

 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7710

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1099

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P1 ATPases transports

Cu+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6764

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The rate of mRNA deadenylation varies inversely with the frequency of translation initiation for an mRNA:  the higher the frequency of initiation, the slower the rate of deadenylation.