The tumor cells may acquire additional oncogenic mutations that allow them to escape the immune system.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

A second NPF is a large protein complex called WAVE

and requires small GTP-binding protein Rac1.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Listeria is a food-borne bacterial pathogen has on its surface a protein ActA, which mimics an NPF that efficiently activates the Arp2/3 complex.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ActA protein binds the host protein VASP, which enhance actin assembly and confine it to the rear of the bacterium.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

VASP 

has a proline-rich

hold onto the end of the newly formed filament

protect the end of the growing filament from CapZ

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

On Endosomes 

Arp2/3-dependent nucleation of actin filament by An NPF is WASH

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

In Golgi complex

Arp2/3-dependent assembly of actin occur by an NPF WHAMM participating in membrane traffic from the ER to golgi