The endothelium of the glomerular capillaries is completely surrounded by the glomerular basement membrane along with specialized cells called podocytes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4687

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Cooperation and selfishness both benefit the donor and therefore should be favoured by natural selection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4688

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Evolution might favor traits that benefit the population or species, When one individual’s behavior benefits another, the behavior is cooperative.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4689

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

When the fitness interests of two individuals are different, they are in conflict.

The evolution of cooperation and conflict depends on when these kinds of behaviors are favored by natural selection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4690

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Selfish (cheater) genotypes are expected to increase within populations, a trait that benefits the group would have to evolve by selection among groups, rather than by selection among individual organisms within the groups.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4691

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Some cells carry a cheater mutation that makes spores but that avoids contributing to the stalk.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4692

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Reciprocity

When one individual provides a fitness benefit to another, as long as the second individual is likely to return the favor later.