Start point, is the first base of mRNA to be A

• Initiator (Inr) is Py2CAPy5, where Py stands for any pyrimidine. The Inr is contained between positions -3 and +5.

• TATA box, usually located, 25 bp upstream in its location at -25

• The exception is in yeast, where the TATA box is more typically found at -90.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1297

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Four classes of ATP-powered pumps:

P-class pumps

V-class pumps

F-class pumps

ABC Superfamily

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1298

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP powered pumps transport ions and various small molecules across membranes always against their concentration gradients.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1299

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P1 ATPases transports

Cu+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1300

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P2 ATPases transports 

Na+, K+, H+ Ca2+, Mg2+ and phospholipids

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1301

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P3 ATPases transports-H+ & Mg+2 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1303

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Na+/K+ ATPase generates the low cytosolic Na+ and high cytosolic K+ concentrations.