α12<1 Individuals of species 2 have less inhibitory effect on individuals of species 1 than individuals of species 1 have on others of their own species.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1619

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IL-10 and TGF-β regulate inflammation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1620

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLR4 is unique in binding both MyD88 (when it is in the plasma membrane, signaling its endocytosis) and TRIF (when it is in endosomes, after internalization).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1621

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

COX2, whose synthesis is induced by PRR activation in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells, is key to converting the lipid intermediate arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, potent proinflammatory mediators.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1622

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IFN-α or -β activates IFNAR to recruit and activate specific JAKs (JAK1 and Tyk2), which then activate specific STATs induce expression of three genes, Protein kinase R (PKR), which inhibits viral (and cellular) protein synthesis by inhibiting the elongation factor eIF2α; 2’,5’-oligoadenlyate A synthetase, which activates the ribonuclease RNase L that degrades viral mRNA; and Mx proteins, which inhibit both the transcription of viral genes into mRNAs and the assembly of virus particles.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1623

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Defensins (α and β) Disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1624

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Lactoferrin Binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi.