COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE

1. Genetic variance (Vg)

2. Environmental variance (Ve)

3. Genetic–environmental interaction variance (VGE)

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The chi-squared test helps to determine whether there is a notable difference between the normal frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more classes or categories.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

P stands for probability here. To calculate the p-value, the chi-square test is used in statistics. The different values of p indicates the different hypothesis interpretation, are given below. 

I. P≤ 0.05; Hypothesis rejected.

II. P>.05; Hypothesis Accepted

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The chi-squared test is done to check if there is any difference between the observed value and expected value. The formula for chi-square can be written as

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Electron microscopy under optimal conditions provides, a resolution of 0.10 nm wavelength.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Electromagnetic lenses are used to focus a high-velocity electron beam instead of the visible light.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Transmission electron microscope- examine viruses or the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells