Chromosome duplications are one way in which new genes evolve.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3315

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Through Alternative Mechanisms, transfer electrons from unneeded NADH directly to ubiquinone to O2, bypassing Complexes III and IV and their proton pumps, through this process the energy in NADH is dissipated as heat.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3316

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The alternative QH2 oxidase is not inhibited by cyanide so that is Cyanide-resistant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3317

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Electrons enter the alternative respiratory pathway through the rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase, the external NADH dehydrogenase, or succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II), and pass to O2 via the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase, energy is not conserved as ATP but is released as heat.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3318

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Electrochemical energy inherent in this difference in proton concentration and separation of charge represents a temporary conservation of much of the energy of electron transfer.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3319

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The energy stored in such a gradient, termed the proton-motive force.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3320

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chemical potential energy due to the difference in concentration of a chemical species (H + ) in the two regions (matrix and IMS) separated by the membrane.