Natural selection’s idea is developed by Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace independently.   

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

The proportion of occupied patches will stabilize over time to =1− (x/m)

x - Extinction rate 

m - Rate of movement between patches

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Intraspecific Competition- Between individuals of the same species.   

Interspecific Competition- Between individuals of different species.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Exploitation competition- Organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Interference competition- Individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Amensalism- One species has a strong effect on another, but the reverse effect is negligible.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Allelopathy- Asymmetric competition can be observed between plants, where one species produces and secretes chemicals from its roots that inhibit the growth of another species.