IEF takes place in a pH gradient and can only be used for amphoteric substances such as peptides and proteins. The charged molecules move toward the anode or the cathode until they reach a position in the pH gradient where their net charges are zero. This pH value is the “isoelectric point” (pI) of the substance.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9761

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These VOCs are herbivore– induced plant volatiles (HIPV) HIPV and act as cues for natural enemies of the insect herbivore, for example parasitic wasps.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9762

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.

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#Id: 9763

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

To distinguish between “self” and “nonself” during pathogen infection, plants possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are conserved among a specific class of microorganisms (such as chitin for fungi, flagella for bacteria) but are absent in the host.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9764

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs is called Pathogen Triggered Immunity

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#Id: 9765

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Perception of MAMPs or DAMPs by cell surface PRRs initiates a localized basal defense response called MAMP triggered immunity which inhibits the growth and activity of nonadapted pathogens or pests.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9766

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Effectors triggers intracellular defense response includes RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; NBS–LRR, nucleotide binding site–leucine rich repeat