Acrylamide gels can be made with a content of between 3% and 30% acrylamide Low concentration are used to where free movement of the proteins is required without any noticeable frictional effect such as flat-bed isoelectric focusing or the stacking gel system of an SDS–polyacrylamide gel.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3332

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Careful measurements of the binding constants show that FoF1 binds ATP with very high affinity (K d < 10^-12 M) and ADP with much lower affinity (Kd ≈ 10^-5 M).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3334

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Given step with the highest amount of free energy is a rate limiting step

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3336

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

ATP synthesis kinetics is measured by using Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE) using radioisotope of oxygen ( O¹⁸ ).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3338

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

F1 has nine subunits of five different types, with the composition α₃ β₃ ϒδε

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3340

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Each of the three β subunits has one catalytic site for ATP synthesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3341

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Fo complex, with its proton pore, is composed of three subunits, a, b, and c, in the proportion ab₂ C_n, where n ranges from 8 to 15 in various organisms; in yeast, it is 10.