The PCR involves two oligonucleotide primers, 17–30 nucleotides in length, which flank the DNA sequence that is to be amplified.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Third heart sound (S3) 

normal in children but is not heard in normal adults

indicates volume overload, as in congestive heart failure or advanced mitral or tricuspid regurgitation.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

aortic pressure decreases as blood runs off from the aorta into the arterial tree, to the veins, and then back to the heart.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Longest phase of the cardiac cycle and final portion of ventricular filling, occurs at a slower rate.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Changes in heart rate alter the time available for Diastasis.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole marks the end of diastole, at which point ventricular volume is equal to end-diastolic volume.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The function of the ventricles is described by the following three parameters: 

Stroke volume 

Ejection fraction 

Cardiac output