The sequence of the PCR product from a heterozygous carrier shows both the normal (HbβA) and mutant (HbβS) nucleotides at the position of the substitution SSR genotyping by PCR product electrophoresis.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Eat me” signals

Dying cells facilitate their own phagocytosis by expressing on their surfaces such as phosphatidyl serine and lysophosphatidyl choline, proteins (annexin I), and altered carbohydrates. 

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#Id: 9888

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Don’t eat me

Don’t eat me” signal, the protein CD47. CD47, recognized by the SIRP-α receptor on macrophages.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Apoptotic cells attract phagocytes by releasing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid, which functions as a chemoattractant

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#Id: 9890

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Conserved motifs, usually present in many copies on the surface of a bacterium, fungal cell, parasite, or virus particle, are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

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#Id: 9891

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Receptors of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns or motifs present on pathogens but absent in the host.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9892

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pattern recognition

Families of PRRs (TLRs, CLRs, RLRs, and NLRs) recognize a wide variety of PAMP (and DAMP) ligands.