Adapters are short, chemically synthesized DNA double strands, which already have one or both sticky ends. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In Wnt-Ca2+ pathway, Wnt binding to the receptor protein possibly Ryk, alone or in concert with Frizzled.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Frizzled-G protein signaling activates PLC-beta, which cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Wnt/calcium pathway leads to the release of calcium stored within cells, and calcium acts as an important secondary messenger to modulate the function of many downstream targets.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Increased Ca2+ levels activates Ca2+-dependent signaling molecules such as:

Protein kinase C, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CamKII), Calcineurin phosphatase

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Calcineurin phosphatase, dephosphorylates and activates the transcription factor, Nuclear Factor Associated with T cells (NFAT).

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Vertebrates have three homologues of the Drosophila hedgehog gene: sonic hedgehog (shh), desert hedgehog

(dhh), and indian hedgehog (ihh)