A plasmid is an autonomous circular DNA that constitutes a separate replicon.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1772

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CTLA-4 bind to CD80/86 and inhibits T-cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1773

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Third mechanism for maintaining tolerance, in addition to T-cell anergy and apoptosis, is through the activity of regulatory T cells (TREG cells).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1774

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TREG can be generated both naturally, in the thymus (nTREG cells), and after induction by antigen in the periphery (iTREG cells).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1775

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1776

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In the presence of antigen and TGF-β, CD8+ regulatory T cells expressing FoxP3 can be induced (iTREG).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1777

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Three main pathways of CD8+ regulatory T cells:

a. APC lysis

b. Inhibition of APC function

c. Regulation of effector T cells