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TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3112

A replication bubble forms a θ structure in circular DNA.


#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes #Replication origin and replication fork #Part B Pointers
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TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7369

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

First zygotic genes is Gap genes. Mutations in them cause gaps in the segmentation pattern.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7370

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Gap genes encode transcription factors, and differing combinations and concentrations of gap gene proteins regulate the transcription of pair-rule genes, which divide the embryo into periodic units.
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7371

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The transcription factors encoded by the pair-rule genes activate the segment polarity genes, whose mRNA and protein products divide the embryo into 14-segment-wide units, establishing the periodicity of the embryo. 
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7372

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Major genes affecting segmentation pattern 

1.Gap genes                 2. Pair rule genes(primary)           3. Segment polarity genes      

Kruppel (Kr)                    hairy(h)                                             engrailed (en)

knirps (kni)                      even skipped(eve)                           wingless (wg)

hunchback (hb)              runt(run)                                           cubitus interruptus(ci) 

giant (gt)                          Pair rule genes (secondary)           hedgehog(hh)

tailless (til)                       fushi tarazu (ftz)                              fused (fu)

huckebein (hkb)              odd paired (opa)                             armadillo (arm)

buttonhead (btd)            odd skipped (odd)                          patched (ptc)

empty spiracles (ems)    sloppy paired (slp)                          gooseberry (gsb)

orthodenticle (otd)         paired (prd)                                      pangolin (pan
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7373

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

At the same time, the protein products of the gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes interact to regulate another class of genes, the homeotic selector genes, whose transcription determines the developmental fate of each segment
TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7374

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Gurken protein is a member of the EGF (epidermal growth factor) family, and Torpedo encodes a homologue of the vertebrate EGF receptor.