Complex IV, also called cytochrome oxidase, carries electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen, For every four electrons passing through this complex, the enzyme consumes four “substrate” Hfrom the matrix (N side) in converting O2 to 2H2O

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Female hormonal system, consists of three hierarchies of hormones:

1. GnRH

2. FSH and LH

3. Estrogen and progesterone

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

FSH and LH stimulate sex hormone synthesis by the activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system.

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#Id: 1197

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Granulosa cells have FSH receptors Theca cells have LH receptors

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

FSH stimulates aromatase in the granulosa cells

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#Id: 1199

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

LH stimulates cholesterol desmolase in the theca cells

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#Id: 1200

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In the granulosa cells,

All the androgens and much of the progesterone are converted into estrogens by the enzyme aromatase