Parity rules by Erwin Chargaff

Rule of complementarity (First parity rule)

Rule of Equal amount applies more closely to introns than to exons (Second parity rule)

Cluster rule – Purines in nontemplate strand applies more closely to Exons (Third parity rule)

GC Rule- GC content tends to be greater in exons than in introns (Fourth parity rule

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Plant species produce cysteine protease, which disrupt the

peritrophic membrane that protects the gut epithelium of many insects.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Antidigestive proteins in plants are the proteinase inhibitors. Found in legumes, tomato, and other plants, these substances block the action of herbivore proteolytic enzymes

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Many plants release a specific bouquet of volatile organic compounds when attacked by insect herbivores. These volatiles can consist of compounds from all major pathways for secondary metabolites including terpenoids (mono- and sesquiterpenes), alkaloids (indole), and phenylpropanes (methyl salicylate), as well as green-leaf volatiles. 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These VOCs are herbivore– induced plant volatiles (HIPV) HIPV and act as cues for natural enemies of the insect herbivore, for example parasitic wasps.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

To distinguish between “self” and “nonself” during pathogen infection, plants possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) which are conserved among a specific class of microorganisms (such as chitin for fungi, flagella for bacteria) but are absent in the host.