Animal cells have small mitochondrial genomes 16.6 kb in mammals. There are several hundred mitochondria per cell and each mitochondrion has multiple copies of the DNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5561

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5562

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The concentrating mechanism depends upon the maintenance of a gradient of increasing osmolality along the medullary pyramids

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5563

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

This gradient is produced by the operation of the loops of Henle as countercurrent multipliers and maintained by the operation of the vasa recta as countercurrent

exchangers 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5564

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A countercurrent system is a system in which the inflow runs parallel to, counter to, and in close proximity to the outflow for some distance. This occurs for both the loops of Henle and the vasa recta in the renal medulla

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5565

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A countercurrent system is a system in which the inflow runs parallel to, counter to, and in close proximity to the outflow for some distance. This occurs for both the loops of Henle and the vasa recta in the renal medulla

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5566

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Assume first a condition in which osmolality is 300 mOsm/kg of H2O throughout the descending and ascending limbs & medullary interstitium