When several codons encode the same amino acid and utilize multiple tRNAs, not all of the codons are used with equal frequency. In a phenomenon called codon bias.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10019

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hh binds to Ptc, causing Ptc to be endocytosed from the cell surface and degraded, relieving the inhibition of Smo.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10020

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The C-terminal segment of Smo binds Cos2, and Smo is stabilized from degradation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10021

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Both Fu and Cos2 become extensively phosphorylated, and Fu-Cos2-Ci complex Dissociates

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10022

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Dissociation of cytosolic complex leads to the stabilization of the full-length Ci, which moves into the

nucleus, displaces the repressor Ci75 from the promoter of target genes, and induces expression of target genes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10023

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB 

heterodimeric transcription factor, composed of p50 and p65 subunits

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10024

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB pathway is activated by:

components of bacterial or fungal cell walls or segments of bacterial DNA bind to Toll-like receptors