Many prokaryotic ORFs contain a short sequence upstream (on the 5’side) of the start codon called the ribosome binding site (RBS). This element is also referred to as a Shine –Dalgarno sequence.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylation by the mTORC2 kinase complex, of a second serine on

PKB that is not in the activation loop is necessary for maximal PKB activity

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated PKB directly phosphorylates and inactivates a protein Bad

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated PKB also promotes survival of many cultured cells by phosphorylating the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a on multiple serine and threonine residues.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The cytosolic phosphoserine binding protein 14-3-3 then binds to phosphorylated FOXO3a and sequesters it in the cytosol.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A FOXO3a mutant in which the three serine residues that are targets for PKB are mutated to alanines is constitutively active

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PI-3 kinase signaling pathway is terminated by

PTEN phosphatase, which hydrolyzes the 3-phosphate

in PI 3-phosphates.