Bacillus anthracis has two large plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA molecules), one of which has a pathogenicity island that includes the gene encoding the anthrax toxin.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1152

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Endothelium & epithelial cells, effectively prevents filtration of plasma proteins, because of strong negative electrical charges (associated with the proteoglycans).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1153

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Negatively charged large molecules are filtered less easily than positively charged molecules of equal molecular size.

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#Id: 1164

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Minimal Change Nephropathy 

negative charges on the basement membrane are lost

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#Id: 1165

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Factors governing filtration across the glomerular capillaries:

1. Size of the capillary bed

2. Permeability of the capillaries

3. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients across the capillary wall

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#Id: 1166

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The GFR is determined by 

1. Net filtration pressure

2. Glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient

         

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#Id: 1167

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Renal plasma clearance is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time (usually minutes).