In any particular cell, most genes are expressed at a low level

Only a small number of genes, whose products are specialized for the cell type, are highly expressed.

mRNAs expressed at low levels overlap extensively when different cell types are compared.

The abundantly expressed mRNAs are usually specific for the cell type.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Constitutive defenses are costly to the plant. The production of secondary metabolites requires a significant energy investment derived from primary metabolism, which is then unavailable for use in growth and reproduction.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

IEF is a highly sensitive analytical technique and is particularly useful for studying  microheterogeneity in a protein. For example, a protein may show a single band on an SDS gel but may show three bands on an IEF gel. This may occur, for example, when a protein exists in mono-, di- and tri-phosphorylated forms. 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Invertebrates generally have fairly high production efficiencies  (about 10–50%) than vertebrate. Ectotherms, typically have production efficiencies of around 10%, and birds and mammals, which are endotherms, have production efficiencies in the range of 1–2%.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

PI-3 kinase was first identified in studies of the 

polyoma virus, a DNA virus