The two H2A.H2B dimers each associate with 30 bp of DNA on either side of the central 60 bp of DNA bound by H3 and H4.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) are soluble PRRs that reside in the cytosol of many cell types.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The three known RLRs (RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2) are CARD-containing RNA helicases that recognize viral RNAs, usually from RNA viruses such as influenza, measles, and West Nile.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Nod-like receptors

The NLRs are a large family of cytosolic proteins activated by intracellular PAMPs

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pyroptosis A form of regulated programmed cell death associated with inflammation, and often associated with infection with intracellular pathogens. Mediated by inflammasome-activated caspase-1.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NOD1 also provides protection against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma  cruzi,

NOD2 activates responses to some viruses, including influenza.