Gamma-H2AX frequently functions in DSBR

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3220

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Direct-acting carcinogens

Highly reactive compounds that can react with and modify nucleotide bases in DNA so as to distort the normal pattern of base pairing

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3221

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Direct-carcinogens includes:

Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)
Dimethyl sulfate (DMS)
Nitrogen mustards

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3223

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Indirect-acting carcinogens

Relatively unreactive compounds that become modified to more reactive forms by cellular cytochrome P-450 enzymes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3225

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Benzo(a)pyrene, found in cigarette smoke as well as in coal tar, undergoes metabolic activation by cytochrome P-450 in the lungs to form a potent mutagen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3227

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

P-450 enzymes, modify benzo(a)pyrene in a series of reactions, producing 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, a highly potent mutagenic species.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3229

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide is responsible for cancer development forms an adduct with guanine:

(+)-trans-anti-B-(a)-P-N superscript 2-d G adduct