Core DNA has an invariant length of 146 bp the minimum length of DNA needed to form a stable monomeric nucleosome, and is relatively resistant to digestion by nucleases.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1607

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toll protein surprisingly revealed that its cytoplasmic signaling domain was homologous to that of the vertebrate receptor for the cytokine IL-1 (IL-1R).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1608

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Apoptotic cells attract phagocytes by releasing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid, which functions as a chemoattractant.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1609

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLRs 1-10 are conserved between mice and humans, although TLR10 is not functional in mice, while TLRs 11-13 are expressed in mice but not in humans.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1610

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In most cases each TLR dimerizes with itself, forming a homodimer, but TLR2 forms heterodimers by pairing with either TLR1 or TLR6.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1611

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Structures of TLR2/1 with a bound lipopeptide and TLR3 with dsRNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1612

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLR4 move from the plasma membrane to endosomes/ lysosomes after binding LPS or other PAMPs.