Immunoelectron microscopy is used for localizing proteins in thin sections at the electron microscope level.

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activation of PPDK through the phosphorolytic cleavage (dephosphorylation) of the phosphorylated Thr (Pi‐dependent/PPi‐forming).

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Catalytic activity of PPDK is regulated by phosphorylation by the PPDK‐regulatory protein (PPDK‐RP).

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In the dark, PEPCase returns to the inactive form because PEPCase‐kinase is inactivated and a phosphatase releases the phosphoryl group from PEPCase.

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The biphasic C4 system reduces photorespiration dramatically by increasing levels of CO2 near Rubisco to enable Rubisco carboxylation to outcompete the oxygenation reaction. 

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The low photosystem II activity in the bundle sheath also minimizes the Rubisco oxygenation reaction.

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In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), CO2 uptake is separated temporally and its solely depends on PEPCase circadian modification