CSIR-PYQ Concept

Beta rhythm (13–30 Hz)

awake adult with eyes open

high frequency waves

low-voltage

awake adult with eyes open

high frequency waves

low-voltage

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3292

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The overall reaction catalyzed by Complex IV is

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3294

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Ubiquinone (Q) is reduced by four ways;

a. By the oxidation of NADH in complex I
b. Electrons from succinate pass through a flavoprotein with the cofactor FAD and several Fe-S
centers (in Complex II) on the way to Q
c. Glycerol 3-phosphate donates electrons to a flavoprotein (glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase)
on the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane, from which they pass to Q.
d. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (the first enzyme of oxidation) transfers electrons to electron-
transferring flavoprotein (ETF), from which they pass to Q via ETF

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
In the cytosol, dihydroxyacetone phosphate accepts two reducing equivalents from NADH in a reaction catalyzed by cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3296

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

formation of ROS in two condition;
a) Mitochondria are not making ATP (for lack of ADP or O2) and therefore have a large proton-motive force and a high ratio of QH2/Q
b) there is a high NADH/NADratio in the matrix

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3298

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3300

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Mitochondria is an respirosome, so it can avail oxygen out of complex IV and the oxygen used in the ETS without complex IV, always get converted into ROS.