There are four known forces that are involved in evolution:

1)mutation,

2) genetic drift

3) gene flow or migration

4) selection.

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#Id: 9767

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When an Arabidopsis leaf is exposed to bacteria on the leaf surface, or to the MAMP flg22, the stomatal apertures closed by LRR receptor-like kinase FLS2, as well as a heterotrimeric G protein.

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#Id: 9768

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Flg22 also activates NADPH oxidases for the production of ROS are encoded by 10 respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Atrboh) genes. Two of the proteins, Atrboh D and F, are required

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

NADPH oxidases respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Atrboh) genes

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#Id: 9770

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Extracellular basic hydroxyproline rich glycoproteins

(HRGPs) via the tyrosine in the repeated motif PPPPY that reacts with H2O2.

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#Id: 9771

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Polygalacturonases (PG) secreted by the fungal hyphae interact with WAK1 on plant cell wall results in the expression of plant defense proteins, including PGIPs Chitinases, glucanases, and phytoalexins to damage the fungal hyphae

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#Id: 9772

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoalexins are low molecular weight, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds for which phenylalanine is a substrate used by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL),