Parity rules were given by Erwin Chargaff

I. Rule of complementarity 

II. Rule of Equal amount applies more closely to introns than to exons

III. Cluster rule – Purines in nontemplate strand applies more closely to Exons

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3320

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chemical potential energy due to the difference in concentration of a chemical species (H + ) in the two regions (matrix and IMS) separated by the membrane.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3321

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Electrical potential energy that results from the separation of charge when a proton moves across the membrane without a counterion.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3322

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

V-class proton pumps cannot acidify the lumen of an organelle because these pumps are electrogenic.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3323

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

For each H+ pumped across, a negative ion (e.g., OH− or Cl−) will be “left behind” on the cytosolic face, causing a buildup of negatively charged ions there.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3324

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

These oppositely charged ions attract each other on opposite faces of the membrane, generating a charge separation, or electric potential, across the membrane.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3325

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The proton-motive force— drives the synthesis of ATP as protons flow passively back into the matrix through a proton pore in ATP synthase.