In haplodiploid organisms, males are haploid, and females are diploid. Consider the relatedness diagram shown below. Female A has a full-sister, Y, who has a daughter, B. The relatedness between A and B is ___________. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 759

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Four Steps for bacterial transcription

1. Promoter search->closed promoter complex -> open promoter complex

2. Abortive transcription->Promoter Escape->Initiation from +1 TSS 

3. Elongation

4. Termination

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 760

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Promoter search->closed promoter complex -> open promoter complex

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 761

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Sigma factor ensures that bacterial RNA polymerase initiates transcription from specific sites, also reduces binding to nonspecific sequences.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 762

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 763

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The transition from the closed to the open complex involves “melting” between positions –11 and +2, with respect to the transcription start site.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 764

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Transition from CPC to OPC often called isomerization, does not require energy derived from ATP hydrolysis and is instead the result of a spontaneous conformational change in the DNA– enzyme complex to a more energetically favorable form.