The chi-square test is used to estimate how likely the observations that are made would be, by considering the assumption of the null hypothesis as true.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hyper variable regions are usually called complementarity determining regions (CDRs).

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Classes of Antibody Heavy Chains

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Antibody Light Chains

Light chain was extremely variable, whereas the sequence of the carboxyl-terminal half could be classified into one of two major sequence types.

κ (kappa) 

λ (lambda) 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Chromosomal locations of immunoglobulin genes

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IgM antibodies are produced first in a humoral immune response and tend to be of low affinity.

IgM molecules form pentamers that are stabilized by a single J-chain molecule.

This higher avidity of the pentamer compensates for the low affinity