Some genes encode proteins are called CONSTITUTIVE PHOTO-MORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1), DE-ETIOLATED (DET), and FUSCA (FUS).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

TBE gives superior separation of smaller fragments (< 2 kb) in comparison to TAE and is often used for separation of small RNA molecules such as microRNA.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Polyacrylamide Gel are formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomer in the presence of smaller amounts of N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (normally referred to as ‘ bis-acrylamide’).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The polymerization of acrylamide is an example of free-radical catalysis and is initiated by the addition of ammonium persulfate and the base N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine ( TEMED).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The polymerization of acrylamide is an example of free-radical catalysis and is initiated by the addition of ammonium persulfate and the base N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine ( TEMED

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

TEMED catalyzes the decomposition of the persulfate ion to give a free radical (i.e., a molecule with an unpaired electron):

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Photopolymerization is an alternative method that can be used to polymerize acrylamide gels. Ammonium persulfate and TEMED are replaced by riboflavin and when the gel is poured it is placed in front of a bright light for 2–3 h.