The termination sequences are unidirectional; that is, they function in only one orientation. The ter site is recognized by a unidirectional contrahelicase

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The sample variance formula is given as

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

A chi-squared test (symbolically represented as χ2) is basically a data analysis on the basis of observations of a random set of variables. Usually, it is a comparison of two statistical data sets.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The chi-square test is used to estimate how likely the observations that are made would be, by considering the assumption of the null hypothesis as true.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

When we consider, the null speculation is true, the sampling distribution of the test statistic is called as chi-squared distribution.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The chi-squared test helps to determine whether there is a notable difference between the normal frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more classes or categories.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

P stands for probability here. To calculate the p-value, the chi-square test is used in statistics. The different values of p indicates the different hypothesis interpretation, are given below. 

I. P≤ 0.05; Hypothesis rejected.

II. P>.05; Hypothesis Accepted