Efficiency of Gross primary production Trophic-level transfer efficiency appears to average around 10%, though there is much variation. In some marine food chains, for example, it can exceed 30%.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3418

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

NHEJ is a backup system in yeast, but in higher cells it is the principal pathway by which breaks are repaired.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3419

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Ku70 and Ku80 are the most fundamental components of NHEJ. They constitute a heterodimer that binds to the DNA ends and recruits DNA-PKcs, which is a protein kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3420

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Mammalian pathway for NHEJ

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5022

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Interphase = G1 + S + G2

The start of S phase is signaled by the activation of the first replicon, usually in euchromatin, in areas of active genes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5023

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Replication initiates at the bacterial origin when a cell passes a critical threshold of size/mass triggered by G1 phase protein synthesis. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5024

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

DnaA protein, An initiator protein is synthesized continuously throughout the cell cycle; and its accumulation of a critical amount would trigger initiation.