Consumption efficiency 

Consumption efficiency is the proportion of production at one trophic level (Prod n -1) that is eaten by, or ingested, by the next trophic level (In)

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Potential energy of Dipole-Dipole Interaction

V is the potential energy

μ is the dipole moment

ϵo is the vacuum permittivity.

R is the length between the two nuclei

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The negative sign indicates that energy is released out of the system, because energy is released when bonds are formed, even weak bonds.

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The negative sign also suggests that the interaction is driven by an attractive force.

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Induced Dipoles

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

An induced dipole moment is a temporary condition during which a neutral nonpolar atom (i.e., Helium) undergo a separation of charges due to the environment.

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#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

When an instantaneous dipole atom approaches a neighbouring atom, it can cause that atom to also produce dipoles.

The neighbouring atom is then considered to have an induced dipole moment.