Top-down control - Higher trophic levels determine the sizes of the lower trophic levels Bottom-up control - Size of a higher trophic level is determined by lower trophic level 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8487

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Co and N atoms of the peptide grouping are both in planar sp2 hybridization and the Co and O atoms are linked by a p bond, leaving the nitrogen with a lone pair of electrons in a 2p orbital.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8488

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8489

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8490

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The coplanar relationship of the atoms in the amide group is highlighted as an imaginary

shaded plane lying between two successive a-carbon atoms in the peptide backbone.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8491

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

The peptide bond is estimated to have 40% double bond character

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8492

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology