Most origins are localized in regions between genes, which suggests that it may be important for the local chromatin structure to be in a nontranscribed condition.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis:

Basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF-α, and VEGF

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) induces transcription of the VEGF gene

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#Id: 10416

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Prolyl hydroxylase 

active at normal O2 levels, Hydroxylation of HIF-1 causes ubiquitinylation and degradation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells from their site of origin and establishment of areas of secondary growth

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Metastasis

cancer cells have acquired the ability to penetrate basement membranes using a cell protrusion called an invadopodium

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#Id: 10419

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) 

play a crucial role in metastasis