Indo – Burma Region (over a distance of  2,373,000 km²)

6 large mammal species have been discovered in this region: the Large-antlered Munt jac, the Annamite Munt jac, the Grey-shanked Douc, the Annamite Striped Rabbit, the Leaf Deer, and the Saola.

Endemic freshwater turtle species, most of which are threatened with extinction, due to over-harvesting and extensive habitat loss. 

There are also 1,300 different bird species, including the threatened White-eared Night-heron, the Grey-crowned Crocias, and the Orange-necked Partridge.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9915

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intracellular infections are the most difficult for the immune system to detect and eradicate; these can be divided into membrane-bound and cytosolic, with differing key immune response mediators

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9916

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9917

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues

Rhinovirus binds to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) binds to type 2 complement receptors on B cells

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9918

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Innate response elements commonly engaged by encounter with viral PAMPs, such as secretion of type I interferons, inflammasome and NK-cell activation, as well as IL-12 production.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9919

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9920

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Many Viruses Are Neutralized by Antibodies

Antibodies are particularly effective if they are localized at the site of viral entry into the body.