The carboxy-terminal domain of the a subunit (aCTD) recognizes the Up-element (where present), whereas s regions 2 and 4 recognize the –10 and –35 regions

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Active Immunization

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

For good vaccine

a. The vaccine must be safe

b. It must be effective in preventing infection

c. Activation of the humoral and cell-mediated

d. Development of long-term immunologic memory

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Clinical trials

Phase I clinical trials assess human safety; a small number of volunteers are monitored closely for adverse side effects.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phase II where effectiveness against the pathogen in question is evaluated.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phase III clinical trials are run in expanded volunteer populations.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Live, Attenuated Vaccines Microorganisms can be attenuated or disabled so that they lose their ability to cause significant disease but retain their capacity for transient growth within an inoculated host.