Readthrough transcripts refer to the fraction of transcripts that are not stopped by the terminator.  Furthermore, the termination event can be prevented by specific ancillary factors that interact with RNA and/or RNA polymerase, a situation referred to as antitermination.

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If Lk <Lk0 and DLk is <0 means negative, then the DNA is said to be “negatively supercoiled.”

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Conversely, if Lk >Lk0  and DLk >0 means positive, then the DNA is “positively supercoiled.”

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Circular DNA molecules purified from both bacteria and eukaryotes are usually negatively supercoiled, having values of s of approximately –0.06.

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How to calculate linking number?

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