Rate-limiting step in synthesis of catecholamines:  Tyrosine is converted to dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5026

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The rate of bacterial growth is assessed by the doubling time, the period required for the number of cells to double.

The shorter the doubling time, the faster the bacteria are growing.

Escherichia coli growth rates can range from doubling times as fast as 18 minutes to slower than 180 minutes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5027

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The bacterial chromosome is a single replicon; thus, the frequency of replication cycles is controlled by the number of Initiation events at the single origin.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5028

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The replication cycle can be defined in terms of two constants: C and D

C is the fixed time of 40 minutes required to replicate the entire E.coli chromosome. Its duration corresponds to a rate of replication fork movement of 50,000 bp/minute.

D is the fixed time of 20 minutes that elapses between the completion of a round of replication and the cell division with which it is connected. This period may represent the time required to assemblethe components needed for division.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5029

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

A cycle of chromosome replication must be initiated at a fixed time of C + D =60 minutes before cell division.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5030

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5031

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The gene ftsZ plays a central role in division.

Mutations in ftsZ block septum formation and generate filaments.

Overexpression induces minicells by causing an increased number of septation events per unit cell mass.

FtsZ (the protein) recruits a battery of cell division proteins that are responsible for synthesis of the new septum.