Hormonal factors that stimulate spermatogenesis:

Testosterone

Luteinizing hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Estrogens

Growth hormone

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Dosage compensation

Equalization in males and females of the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes.

Each female cell one of the two X chromosome becomes inactive. Which X chromosome is inactivated is random.

The Xist (X inactive specific transcript) gene located on the X chromosome, in required for inactivation. 

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Barr body- Inactivated X chromosome that appears as a condensed, darkly staining structure in most cells of female placental mammals. 

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Number of Barr bodies

Differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene.

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Genetic Maternal Effect 

Determination of the phenotype of an offspring not by its own genotype, but by the nuclear genotype of its mother. 

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

Present in males and females. 

Usually inherited from one parent, typically the maternal parent.

Reciprocal crosses give different results. 

Exhibit extensive phenotypic variation, even within a single family.