Conjugation

Direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another.

Two bacteria lie close together and a connection forms between them. 

After conjugation, crossing overtakes place between homologous sequences

In conjugation, DNA is transferred only from donor to recipient, with no reciprocal exchange of genetic material. 

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

(MARs) also called scaffold attachment regions (SARs), or S/MARs in case of metaphase chromosome as the same sequences appear to attach to the protein substructure in both metaphase and interphase cells.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

If histones are depleted from a metaphase chromosome and viewed under a transmission electron microscope shows SCAFFOLD. Which is almost 8% of wt

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Full relaxation of the supercoils requires 1 nick/85 kb, thus identifying the average length of “closed” DNA. This region could comprise a loop or domain similar in nature to those identified in the bacterial genome called as metaphase scaffold.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

S/MARs is a DNA sequence which is generally located between H1 and H3 binding sites.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Radial loops in metaphase chromosomes. In the radial loop model of metaphase chromosome organization, domains of 30 kb to 100 kb emanate from a central protein scaffold that spirals through the axis of each chromosome arm..

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Matrix-associated regions (MARs) may be identified by characterizing the DNA retained by the matrix isolated in vivo (left) or by identifying the fragments that can bind to the matrix from which all DNA has been removed (right).