Robertsonian translocation

The long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes become joined to a common centromere through a translocation, generating a metacentric chromosome with two long arms and another chromosome with two very short arms. The smaller chromosome is often lost because very small chromosomes do not have enough mass to segregate properly during mitosis and meiosis.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

An AFLP is detected as a differential mobility of an amplified DNA fragment; AFLPs, therefore, behave as codominant markers during inheritance.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linker and/or adapter molecules can be joined to the cut ends. Linkers are short, chemically synthesized, double-stranded oligonucleotides, which contain within them one or more restriction endonuclease sites, e.g., linker 5'CCGAATTCGG (only one strand of the linker is shown here) contains one EcoRI site. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linkers are fused with blunt-ended DNA fragments; cleavage of the linker with the appropriate restriction enzyme creates suitable cohesive protruding ends.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Linkers have the following two applications: creation of cohesive 'ends

on blunt~ended DNA fragments, and 

on fragments having unmatched or undefined sequences in their protruding ends. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Examples of adapters. 

An adapter used to create BamHI sticky ends at the blunt ends of a DNA insert. 

A conversion adapter produced by associating two oligonucleotides, each having a different recognition sequence at its 5'~end but a complementary sequence for base pairing at the 3 '-end. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Adapters are short, chemically synthesized DNA double strands, which already have one or both sticky ends.