Once stem cells become positioned farther from the niche, signaling factors cannot reach them, and differentiation commences.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10441

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

(+)-trans-anti-B(a)P-N2-dG

causes polymerase to insert an A rather than a C opposite the modified G base (Transversion mutation)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10442

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Potent form of benzo(a)pyrene induces inactivating mutations at codons 175, 248, & 273 of the p53 gene

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10443

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10444

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Somatic mutations can be grouped into three types: Single nucleotide variants (SNVs, or point mutations) Insertions or deletions (Indels)

Structural variants (SVs)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10445

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A typical tumor contain 5000 SNVs, 500 Indels, and 

50 SVs

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10446

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Rous sarcoma virus is a retrovirus whose RNA genome is reverse transcribed into DNA, which is incorporated into the host-cell genome