Brassinolide binding to the brassinosteroid receptor kinase

BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) on the plasma membrane triggers a phosphorylation cascade that causes a repressor protein, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2

(BIN2), to become inactivated. This results in activation of the transcription factors BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1) and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) and subsequent gene expression

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#Id: 1673

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toxoid(inactivated exotoxin)- Diphtheria, Tetanus Subunit- Hepatitis B, Pertussis, Streptococcal pneumonia Conjugate- Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcal pneumonia

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#Id: 1674

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Recombinant Vector Vaccines Recombinant vectors maintain the advantages of live attenuated vaccines while avoiding this major disadvantage. Recombinant vector- Covishield vaccine, Ebola (in clinical testing)

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#Id: 1675

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

DNA Vaccines

Utilizes plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins that are injected directly into the muscle of the recipient. DNA vaccine- Zydus cadila vaccine, HPV (in clinical testing) Zika virus (in clinical testing)

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#Id: 1676

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

mRNA vaccine- Moderna covid vaccine

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1677

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccine preparations that help aid in delivery of the vaccine to the immune system and that enhance responses.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1678

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Multiple gene segments exist at heavy (V, D, and J) and light-chain (V and J) loci.