The bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis grows only on hydrocarbons, fatty acids, or pyruvate. This organism produces surfactant chemicals that help break up the oil and solubilize it.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2412

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TRCF has an ATPase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2413

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TRCF binds to double-stranded DNA upstream of the polymerase and uses the ATPase motor to translocate along the DNA until it encounters the stalled RNA polymerase.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2414

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In bacteria, terminators come in two types: Rho-dependent and Rho-independent. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2415

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Rho-independent terminators, also called intrinsic terminators because they need no other factors to work, consist of two sequence elements: a short-inverted repeat (of 20 nucleotides) followed by a stretch of about eight A:T base pairs.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2416

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Model of Intrinsic Termination

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2417

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Termination requires that all hydrogen bonds holding the RNA–DNA hybrid together must be broken, after which the DNA duplex reforms.