On the left side of Hensen’s node, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activates Cerberus, which stimulates BMPs to induce the expression of Nodal

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Nod-like receptors

The NLRs are a large family of cytosolic proteins activated by intracellular PAMPs

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Pyroptosis A form of regulated programmed cell death associated with inflammation, and often associated with infection with intracellular pathogens. Mediated by inflammasome-activated caspase-1.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NOD1 also provides protection against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma  cruzi,

NOD2 activates responses to some viruses, including influenza.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The AIM2-like receptors (ALRs) are cytosolic receptors that bind DNA molecules from bacteria and viruses.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling