The phosphodiester bond is formed in an SN2 reaction in which the hydroxyl group at the 3’ end of the primer strand attacks the a-phosphoryl group of the incoming nucleoside triphosphate.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7987

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7988

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Marine animals, which are hypo-osmotic, actively exclude salts. Some marine animals increase the concentrations of solutes, such as urea and amino acids, in their body fluids to match the osmotic potential of seawater and thus reduce the movement of water out of their bodies

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7989

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Marine turtles and seabirds ingest seawater when consuming prey or drink it, having no access to fresh water.

These animals have specialized structures called salt glands located around the eyes and nostrils.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7990

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7991

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7992

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Excretory organs such as

a. Flame cells 

b. Nephridia 

c. Gills

d. Water vascular system

e. Kidneys  excrete these wastes.